Auxiliaries and Modals

AUXILIARIES   OR   HELPING  VERBS :-- 

     These verbs are used with ordinary verbs to make tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives.
         
          Example :  Am, are, is, was, were,will be, shall be etc.

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     MODALS :--

        These verbs are used before ordinary verbs and express meanings such as 

     permission,possibility, certainty, and necessity.

          Example :  Can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must and ought etc.

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      USES OF AUXILIARIES AND MODALS :--

    [1]. BE ( am, is, was, were, will be etc.):--

      (a) In the formation of the continuous tense ;as,

          * He is working.

          * I am reading.

      (b) In the formation of the passive ;as,

          * The gate was opened.

          * The students were taught a lesson.

        

       (a) To indicate a plan ; as,

          * I am to see him tomorrow. 

          * We are to get married next month.

    Note:  [ Be + to ] is used.

    For example [ is + to ; am + to ; are + to etc. ]

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       (b) To denote command ; as,

          * You are to write your name at the top of each sheet of paper.

          * Mother says you are to go to market at once.

Note:  [ Be + to ] is used.

    For example [ is + to ; am + to ; are + to etc. ]

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    [2]. HAVE ( HAS, HAD ):--

       (a) In the formation of perfect tense ; as,

          * He has worked.

          * She had been playing.

       (b) To indicate obligation ; as,

          * I have to be there by six o' clock.

          * He had to move the furniture himself.

       (c) In negatives and questions ; as,

          * They don't have to go.

          * Does he have to go ?

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     [3]. DO, DOES, DID :--

       (a) To form negative and questions ; as,

          * He doesn't work.

          * Did he go ?

       (b) To avoid repetition of verb ; as,

          * Do you know him ? Yes, I do.

          * He eats fish and so do you.

       (c) To emphasize the affirmative nature of a statement ; as,

          * Do come to my party.

          * Do be quite.

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     [4]. CAN, COULD :--
   

       (a) To express ability ; as,

          * I could swim across the river when I was young.

          * Can you lift the box ?

       (b) To express permission; as,

          * You can go home.

          * Can I borrow your umbrella.

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     [5]. MAY, MIGHT :-- 

       (a) To express permission ( formal ) ; as,

         
          * May I come in ?

          * You may go now.

       (b) To express possibility in affirmative sentences ; as,

          * It may rain tomorrow.

          * I thought he might be at home.

       (c) To express a wish ; as,

          * May success attend you.

          * May you live long.

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    [6]. SHALL, SHOULD :-- 

       (a) To express pure future (in Ist person) ; as,

          * I shall do it.

          * We shall go to market.

       (b) To express duty ; as,

          * We should obey the law.

          * You should keep your promise.

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    [7]. WILL, WOULD :--
  
       (a) To express future (in all persons) ; as,

          * Tomorrow will be Sunday.

          * She will go to Delhi.

       (b) To express volition, habit, request ; as,

          * I will carry your books.

          * He would talk about nothing but films.

          * Will you have tea ?

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    [8]. MUST :-- 

      (a) To express necessity, obligation ;as,

         * We must get up early.

         * I must be on diet.

      (b) To express logical certainty ;as,

         * She must have left already.

         * Living here must be difficult.

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    [9]. OUGHT TO :--
   

       (a) To express moral obligation ; as,

          * We ought to love our neighbour.

          * You ought to help poor.

       (b) To express probability ; as,

          * This book ought to be very useful.

          * Prices ought to come down soon.

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    [10]. USED TO , NEED, DARE :--      

 (a) To express a discontinued habit ; as,

          * I used to play hockey when I was a boy.

          * He used to swim daily.

       (b) To express necessity or obligation ;as,

          * Do you need to go now ?

          * I need your help.

  ** Note:  There is no "s" with the 3rd person singular.

            * He need not come tomorrow.

       (c) Dare is used ; as,

          * How dare you push me ?

          * I didn't dare look at him.

  ** Note: As a modal verb 'Dare'  is used without 'to'.

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