Sentence

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 SENTENCE :--
 

 We use words to say something about a person or a thing.

 e.g. :--

    * Ramu sat on a chair.

    * I have a black pen.

 The above group of words convey definite meaning and make complete sense.

 Definition :--

A group of words which makes complete sense, is called a sentence.
 

 e.g. :--

     * Ram goes to school.
     
     * The sun rises in the east.

   Note :--
 
           A sentence is a group of words, clauses and phrases arranged in a definite order, each having its own place and use to make a complete sense. It has at least one main verb.

   Example :--

     * Manish went to Lucknow to purchase a book; he got one soon and read it for a number of days as he liked it.

  It is a sentenceas it makes a complete sense.

     * Manish to Lucknow to a book.--- It is not a sentence.

  Therefore a sentence --

     (i)  must have a verb.

    (ii)  makes a complete sense.

 
  Examples --

     * I like to play hockey.

     * Gita is a classical singer.

     * The student requested the teacher not to mark him absent.

     * Get out.

     * Swimming is a good exercise.

       

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   *SENTENCE  AND  CLAUSE

 * A sentence may consist of more than one clause.

 * Sentence is larger, clause is smaller.

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  SENTENCE STRUCTURE :--

 
  * Sentences are nice little packages of words that come together to express one complete thought.

  * They make it easy to understand ideas and learn information.

  * In order to be a complete sentence, a group of words needs to contain a subject and a verb, and it needs to express a complete thought.

  * If a group of words is missing any of that information, it is called a sentence fragment.

  * If a group of words contains two or more independent clauses that are not properly punctuated, it is called a run-on sentence.

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    ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A SENTENCE :--
 

   1. Unity

   2. Priority

   3. Order

   1. UNITY ---
    

    * A sentence should have only one main thought.

    * The phrases and clauses used, should have a direct relation with the main thought.

    * All the unnecessary details should be avoided.
 
    * If a sentence contains more than one thought, it should be broken up into as many smaller units, as there are leading thoughts.
 
   Examples--

      Incorrect : He is an undoubted man of genius.

      correct   : He is a man of undoubted genius.

    2. PRIORITY---
    

      * All the ideas or thoughts are not equally important. Hence, emphasis should be laid on the good idea.

    Examples--

       Bad structure  : He is certainly laborious though not intelligent.

       Good structure : Though not intelligent, he is certainly laborious.

    3. ORDER---
     

      * Order means the art of arranging the words, phrases and clauses.

      * The things which are to be thought of together, must be closely associated together in expression.

     Example--

       Incorrect : I informed him, and he trusted it, that Sanjay Gandhi was dead.

       Correct   : I informed him that Sanjay Gandhi was dead, and he trusted it.

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   THE STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION :-- 

  1. SIMPLE SENTENCE

  2. COMPOUND SENTENCE

  3. COMPLEX SENTENCE

  4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

  1. SIMPLE SENTENCE :--
 

   * A simple sentence has only one finite verb.

   * A simple sentence has only one independent clause; as,

    e.g.:--

      * I drink tea.

      * The man wearing a black cap and white shirt was a thief.

 
   An independent clause is a group of words (with a subject and a verb) that expresses a complete thought.

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   2. COMPOUND SENTENCE :--
 

 *  A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses.

 * These clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon; as,

     * I eat banana, and Tini eats mangoes.
                              

 *  [ A coordinating conjunction is a word that glues words, phrases, or clauses together.]

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  3. COMPLEX SENTENCE :--
     

   A complex sentence has a subordinate clause joined to an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction (who, that, where, after etc.).

     * I washed the dishes after I ate my lunch.
                                          

     * The man who came to me yesterday, was very kind.
              

  A subordinate clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that cannot stand alone.

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   4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE :--
   

   A compound-complex sentence has a two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.

  
      * Rima Sen explained how cookies are made, and we practiced her techniques at home.

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